Evaluating and Improving Models¶

Improving your models from feedback¶

Once you have a version of your bot running, the Rasa NLU server will log every request made to the /parse endpoint to a file. By default these are saved in the folder logs.

{
  "user_input":{
    "entities":[]   ],
    "intent":{
      "confidence":0.32584617693743012,
      "name":"restaurant_search"
    },
    "text":"nice thai places",
    "intent_ranking":[ ... ]
  },
  ...
  "model":"default",
  "log_time":1504092543.036279
}

The things your users say are the best source of training data for refining your models. Of course your model won’t be perfect, so you will have to manually go through each of these predictions and correct any mistakes before adding them to your training data. In this case, the entity ‘thai’ was not picked up as a cuisine.

Evaluating Models¶

How is your model performing? Do you have enough data? Are your intents and entities well-designed?

Rasa NLU has an evaluate mode which helps you answer these questions. A standard technique in machine learning is to keep some data separate as a test set. If you’ve done this, you can see how well your model predicts the test cases using this command:

python -m rasa_nlu.evaluate \
    --data data/examples/rasa/demo-rasa.json \
    --model projects/default/model_20180323-145833

Where the --data argument points to your test data, and --model points to your trained model.

If you don’t have a separate test set, you can still estimate how well your model generalises using cross-validation. To do this, run the evaluation script with the --mode crossvalidation flag.

python -m rasa_nlu.evaluate \
    --data data/examples/rasa/demo-rasa.json \
    --config sample_configs/config_spacy.yml \
    --mode crossvalidation

You cannot specify a model in this mode because a new model will be trained on part of the data for every cross-validation fold.

Example Output¶

Intent Classification¶

The evaluation script will log precision, recall, and f1 measure for each intent and once summarized for all. Furthermore, it creates a confusion matrix for you to see which intents are mistaken for which others. Samples which have not been predicted correctly are logged and saved to a file called errors.json for easier debugging. Finally, the evaluation script creates a histogram of the confidence distribution for all predictions. Improving the quality of your training data will move the histogram bars to the right.

Entity Extraction¶

For each entity extractor, the evaluation script logs its performance per entity type in your training data. So if you use ner_crf and ner_duckling_http in your pipeline, it will log two evaluation tables containing recall, precision, and f1 measure for each entity type.

In the case ner_duckling_http we actually run the evaluation for each defined duckling dimension. If you use the time and ordinal dimensions, you would get two evaluation tables: one for ner_duckling_http (Time) and one for ner_duckling_http (Ordinal).

ner_synonyms does not create an evaluation table, because it only changes the value of the found entities and does not find entity boundaries itself.

Finally, keep in mind that entity types in your testing data have to match the output of the extraction components. This is particularly important for ner_duckling_http, because it is not fit to your training data.

Entity Scoring¶

To evaluate entity extraction we apply a simple tag-based approach. We don’t consider BILOU tags, but only the entity type tags on a per token basis. For location entity like “near Alexanderplatz” we expect the labels “LOC” “LOC” instead of the BILOU-based “B-LOC” “L-LOC”. Our approach is more lenient when it comes to evaluation, as it rewards partial extraction and does not punish the splitting of entities. For example, the given the aforementioned entity “near Alexanderplatz” and a system that extracts “Alexanderplatz”, this reward the extraction of “Alexanderplatz” and punish the missed out word “near”. The BILOU-based approach, however, would label this as a complete failure since it expects Alexanderplatz to be labeled as a last token in an entity (L-LOC) instead of a single token entity (U-LOC). Also note, a splitted extraction of “near” and “Alexanderplatz” would get full scores on our approach and zero on the BILOU-based one.

Here’s a comparison between the two scoring mechanisms for the phrase “near Alexanderplatz tonight”:

extracted	Simple tags (score)	BILOU tags (score)
[near Alexanderplatz](loc) [tonight](time)	loc loc time (3)	B-loc L-loc U-time (3)
[near](loc) [Alexanderplatz](loc) [tonight](time)	loc loc time (3)	U-loc U-loc U-time (1)
near [Alexanderplatz](loc) [tonight](time)	O loc time (2)	O U-loc U-time (1)
[near](loc) Alexanderplatz [tonight](time)	loc O time (2)	U-loc O U-time (1)
[near Alexanderplatz tonight](loc)	loc loc loc (2)	B-loc I-loc L-loc (1)

Evaluation Parameters¶

There are a number of parameters you can pass to the evaluation script

$ python -m rasa_nlu.evaluate --help

Here is a quick overview:

Calling `rasa_nlu.evaluate` is deprecated. Please use `rasa_nlu.test` instead.
usage: evaluate.py [-h] [--debug] [-v] -d DATA [--mode MODE] [-c CONFIG]
                   [-m MODEL] [-f FOLDS] [--report [REPORT]]
                   [--successes [SUCCESSES]] [--errors ERRORS]
                   [--histogram HISTOGRAM] [--confmat CONFMAT]

evaluate a Rasa NLU pipeline with cross validation or on external data

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  --debug               Print lots of debugging statements. Sets logging level
                        to DEBUG
  -v, --verbose         Be verbose. Sets logging level to INFO
  -d DATA, --data DATA  file containing training/evaluation data
  --mode MODE           evaluation|crossvalidation (evaluate pretrained model
                        or train model by crossvalidation)
  -c CONFIG, --config CONFIG
                        model configuration file (crossvalidation only)
  -m MODEL, --model MODEL
                        path to model (evaluation only)
  -f FOLDS, --folds FOLDS
                        number of CV folds (crossvalidation only)
  --report [REPORT]     output path to save the intent/entitymetrics report
  --successes [SUCCESSES]
                        output path to save successful predictions
  --errors ERRORS       output path to save model errors
  --histogram HISTOGRAM
                        output path for the confidence histogram
  --confmat CONFMAT     output path for the confusion matrix plot